来源：《新科学家》
原文见刊日期：2022年12月31日
The European Union is set to create the world’s first broad standards for regulating artificial intelligence. As well as determining how the technology affects the lives of almost 450 million citizens in the 27 countries of the EU, the rules are likely to influence how AI is used elsewhere in the world.
欧盟将制定全球首个用于监管人工智能的广泛标准。这些法规不仅决定了AI技术如何影响欧盟27个国家近4.5亿公民的生活，还可能影响世界其他地方如何使用人工智能。
“The idea is that you have a harmonised system, which is really good,” says Sandra Wachter at the University of Oxford.
牛津大学的桑德拉•瓦赫特表示：“核心思想是，欧盟各国有相一致的制度，这真的很好。”
The EU is working towards finalising the text of the Artificial Intelligence Act. Its focus is on AI systems that could detrimentally affect citizens. Some uses, such as government-run social scoring, could be banned. Others would be labelled as high risk and strictly regulated. This is likely to include systems involved in accessing essential services, such as loans or benefits, judicial systems and workplace hiring decisions. But most AI uses, such as chatbots that assist with orders for pizza in phone apps, aren’t expected to be categorised as high risk.
欧盟正在努力敲定《人工智能法案》的最终文本。它的重点是可能对公民造成不利影响的人工智能系统。一些用途，比如政府运营的社会评分，可能会被禁止。另一些人工智能将被贴上高风险的标签，受到严格监管。这可能包括涉及获得基本服务的系统，如贷款或福利、司法系统和工作场所招聘决策。但人工智能的大多数用途，比如在手机应用程序中协助订购披萨的聊天机器人，预计不会被归类为高风险。
The act would require all AI systems to notify people if they are interacting with a computer, not a person. “This could change how platforms like Facebook look, since their content-recommendation algorithms should fall under this requirement,” says Emmie Hine at the University of Bologna in Italy.
该法案将要求所有人工智能系统在用户与计算机而不是人交互时通知用户。意大利博洛尼亚大学的埃米·海因表示：“这可能会改变Facebook等平台的外观，因为它们的内容推荐算法需要符合这一规定。”
Although many policy experts and tech giants have welcomed the idea of regulation, there is no widespread agreement on how some applications of AI, such as facial recognition in public spaces, should be categorised.
尽管许多政策专家和科技巨头对监管的想法表示欢迎，但对于人工智能的某些应用(比如公共场所的面部识别)应该如何归类，人们尚未达成广泛共识。
Another outstanding issue is that law-makers must clarify how the act will be enforced, says Vanja Skoric at the European Center for Not-for-Profit Law in the Netherlands, who wants to see the final regulations adopt a “robust and independent EU AI board with concrete monitoring powers”.
荷兰欧洲非营利法律中心的瓦尼亚•斯科里奇表示，另一个悬而未决的问题是，立法者必须澄清该法案将如何执行。他希望看到最终法规采用一个“具有具体监督权的强大、独立的欧盟人工智能委员会”。
AIs used for national security or military purposes are likely to be excluded from the rules, says Skoric, despite an opinion poll suggesting that EU citizens are concerned about such uses.
斯科里奇说，用于国家安全或军事目的的人工智能可能被排除在法规之外，尽管一项民意调查表明，欧盟公民对此类用途感到担忧。
Whatever the final AI Act looks like, compliance will be mandatory for any company delivering AI-powered services to people in the EU. Some platforms with an international customer base may adopt the AI Act standards for all users, whereas those with more isolated and localised algorithms may not.
无论最终的《人工智能法案》是什么样子，任何向欧盟人民提供人工智能服务的公司都必须遵守该法案。一些拥有国际客户群的平台可能会对所有用户采用《人工智能法案》标准，而那些算法更加孤立和本地化的平台可能不会。
The AI Act could lead to similar regulations worldwide, says Hine. Countries such as Brazil and Canada have already adopted parts of the draft act in their own proposals. “Almost every part of the world is agreeing that we need to do something,” says Wachter.
海因说，《人工智能法案》可能会导致全球出台类似的法规。巴西和加拿大等国已经在自己的提案中采纳了该法案草案的部分内容。“世界上几乎每个地方都同意我们需要做些什么，”瓦赫特说。