卫报 | 大英帝国和奴隶贸易对英国的财富贡献甚微？

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James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny of 1764, Richard Arkwright’s water frame, patented in 1769, and Samuel Crompton’s mule, introduced in 1778 – together made it possible to harness the delicate but tough Barbadense cotton and manufacture it at scale. By the turn of the 18th century, Lancashire had emerged as Europe’s pre-eminent manufacturing centre of high-quality cotton whose dyes and prints would hold. It was a position of global dominance that Lancashire cotton manufacture, soon joined by West Yorkshire, would reinforce over the century ahead.

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